Caracterização do processo de extracção de inertes do distrito de Nicoadala, seus impactos e propostas de solução

Abstract

Mining is one of the human activities that most significantly contributes to the alteration of the Earth's surface, affecting the exploited area and its surroundings and causing negative impacts on water, air, soil, subsoil, flora, fauna, and the landscape as a whole. This study aimed to describe and characterize the inert extraction process in the Nicoadala district, identify its environmental impacts, and propose solutions. In recent years, the high rate of erosion in sand extraction areas, especially in the Nicoadala-Licuar region, has raised significant concerns among local residents. To characterize the inert extraction process in Nicoadala and assess its environmental impacts, a study was conducted based on interviews with residents, operators, and stakeholders. The information collected through these interviews was used to construct a detailed checklist and an environmental impact assessment matrix. These tools were developed to identify and evaluate the main environmental impacts related to sand extraction activities and are considered useful for application in formal Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) processes in the region. The results of the mining activity in Nicoadala, analyzed in light of the mining extraction regulations published in the Boletim da Repúblic of Mozambique, revealed that mining is carried out in open pits, on a small scale, and is performed artisanally by individuals. The extracted sand is sold by various agents from Namacurra, Nicoadala, and Quelimane. The analysis of environmental impacts, using the checklist and assessment matrix, indicated that most of the effects of this activity are negative, including soil erosion, loss of vegetation cover, and alterations to the landscape. It was concluded that the checklist and assessment matrix developed, based on the interviews conducted, were effective tools for identifying the main environmental impacts of inert extraction in Nicoadala. These instruments can serve as models for future environmental assessments, contributing to mitigating impacts and fostering the development of more sustainable mineral exploration practices in the region.