Resistência antimicrobiana e antiparasitária em animais de Moçambique: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

Abstract

The rise of antimicrobial and antiparasitic resistance is a global public health issue. In Mozambique, this phenomenon has posed a significant challenge, compromising the treatment of diseases in animals and, consequently, in humans. This study aimed to characterize the status of antimicrobial and antiparasitic resistance in animals in the country, based on a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A total of 478 studies published between 2000 and 2025 were identified through databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, as well as through institutional documents from the Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique (IIAM), the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MASA), the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), supplemented by information obtained from professionals in the field. Study screening was performed using the Rayyan platform, and the extracted data were analyzed using R software (version 4.5.2), with a meta-analysis applied to antimicrobials evaluated in more than one study. A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 52% addressed anthelmintic resistance, 26% antimicrobial resistance, and 11% each addressed anti-ectoparasitic and antiprotozoal resistance. In total, 18 parasitic species were identified—most notably *Trypanosoma congolense*, *Eimeria* spp., and *Strongyloides* spp.—along with six bacterial species, with *Escherichia* spp. and *Campylobacter* spp. being the most prevalent. The animal species most frequently evaluated were goats (33.3%), poultry and cattle (27.7%), dogs (11.1%), and swine (5.5%). The geographical distribution of the studies showed a strong concentration in the southern region (83%), followed by the central region (16.6%), with no studies identified in the northern region. The meta-analysis, based on three studies on antimicrobial resistance, revealed high pooled prevalences of resistance to penicillin (97.2%; 95% CI: 18.2–100), cefotaxime (94.9%; 95% CI: 22.4–99.9), tetracycline (92.1%; 95% CI: 69.4–98.4), and chloramphenicol (82.3%; 95% CI: 46.3–96.2). A meta-analysis for antiparasitic resistance was not performed; however, high proportions of resistance to monepantel, albendazole, and diminazene aceturate were observed. The results indicate concerning levels of resistance, reinforcing the need for continuous monitoring and the implementation of policies for the rational use of antimicrobials and antiparasitics. Nevertheless, the available evidence remains limited, with a scarcity of studies covering different animal species and regions of the country.